Citas

Responsabilidad de los administradores por infracciones legales

Los directivos de una empresa participan en un cartel. La empresa es sancionada por las autoridades de competencia. La empresa demanda a sus directivos pidiéndoles que la dejen indemne de tales sanciones…

the Court of Appeal … held that, …, a company may not recover competition law fines and the costs of a competition law investigation from the employees or directors involved in the infringement porque a claimant can not recover damages for the consequences of its own wrongful acts. It held that the wrongful acts in question were attributable to Safeway, as it was made personally liable for the cartel conduct concerned – it was not made vicariously liable for the acts of its employees… deterrence, would be undermined if companies were able to pass on their liability for competition law infringements to their employees.

Dudoso. Más razonable es considerar las infracciones de normas legales por parte de los administradores como supuestos de infracción de su deber de diligencia y no su deber de lealtad y, por tanto, aplicar la business judgment rule. Porque, en principio, la sociedad y sus directivos arreglarán esta cuestión vía salario (si el administrador responde frente a la sociedad por las infracciones de normas legales cometidas en beneficio de la sociedad, exigirá un salario mayor que si se le inmuniza frente a ellas.

Las causas de la crisis (R. J. Samuelson)

The boom did not begin with the rise of home prices, as is usually asserted. It began instead with the suppression of double-digit inflation in the early 1980s, an event that unleashed a quarter-century of what seemed to be steady and dependable prosperity. … As inflation fell, interest rates followed. The stock market soared. From 1979 to 1999, stock values rose 14-fold. Housing prices climbed, though less spectacularly. Enriched, Americans borrowed and spent more. But what started as a justifiable response to good economic news—lower inflation—slowly evolved into corrupting overconfidence, the catalyst for the reckless borrowing, overspending, financial speculation, and regulatory lapses that caused the bust…

Prosperity is almost everyone’s goal, but too much prosperity enjoy-ed for too long tends to destroy itself. It seems that periodic recessions and burst bubbles—at least those of modest proportions—serve a social purpose by reminding people of economic and financial hazards and by rewarding prudence. Milder setbacks may avert less frequent but larger and more damaging convulsions—such as the one we’re now experiencing—that shake the country’s very political and social foundations. But hardly anyone wants to admit this publicly. What politician is going to campaign on the slogan, “More Recessions, Please”?…

The trouble is that, like generals fighting the last war, we may be fighting the last economic crisis. Future threats to stability may originate elsewhere. One danger spot is globalization. Economies are intertwined in ways that are only crudely understood…. What looms as the most significant legacy of the crisis is a loss of economic control.

Y Tyler Cowen sobre el control de los déficit.

Los keynesianos pueden tener razón en teoría, pero los Estados entran en déficit en épocas de recesión y no en superávit en épocas de bonanza

Fiscal austerity may sometimes sound like a dogmatic religion, but fixed principles often help us do the right thing, especially when temptation beckons. Professor Buchanan argued that the real choice was between a religion of budget balance and a rule of illusion. Seeking an optimal technocratic path is not on the menu.

Frases

“Too much choice is demotivating” (“When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire too Much of a Good Thing?” Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 995-1006. (2000). citado por The Economist): en realidad, como todo, elegir es costoso y el coste marginal de hacerlo, creciente. Si hemos de elegir entre 24 tipos de mermelada, el coste de hacerlo es mayor que si hemos de hacerlo entre 6 y el beneficio de una elección más acertada (mayor utilidad de la mermelada elegida) probablemente muy pequeño. No es de extrañar que los restaurantes acorten las cartas y las grandes tiendas dividan los espacios reduciendo así el surtido que tenemos a la vista.

¿Por qué los países árabes – y asiáticos – tienen tan mal gusto renovando sus ciudades?  ¡Gracias a Dios que nacimos en la ribera norte del Mediterráneo!

La crisis acaba con los asesinatos: 24 % menos de homicidios en Madrid en 2010. Tiene que ver con que la gente sale menos. El día más peligroso, el jueves (no hay comidas gratis: ¡es el mejor día para salir!). En cualquier caso: Madrid es una ciudad muy segura.

Una vez mas, Maruja Torres, estupenda

Citas

Stalin mató a los suyos y Hitler a los extranjeros: One should be wary, of course, of any attempt to deal with Hitler and Stalin in tandem: every psychopath is unique, and comparisons can be unhelpful. Hitler's frenzy of murder lasted just four years and took place largely outside Germany. Stalin's murders came in waves over a period of twenty-five years, affected the 'homelands' even more than conquered territories, and can be seen as the resumption, after the lull of the mid-1920s, of Lenin and Trotsky's worse documented massacres between 1918 and 1921. If Hitler and Stalin were both gamblers, they played different games - Hitler staked everything on Blitzkrieg, Stalin played cold-blooded poker. Above all, Hitler lost and Stalin won.aqui

“(Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera)… es un tipo interesantísimo, muy representativo de la época: un personaje muy corto de luces y perfectamente irresponsable, de fácil manipulación; los historiadores coinciden en que era un memo, pro sobre él se creó la columna vertebral de un país durante 40 años, lo que dice poco de ese país” Eduardo Mendoza, EL PAIS.

Keynes wrote “in the long we are all dead.” His multiplier is dead, but his writings about uncertainty and investment remain as relevant as the day they were written. Keynes emphasized in his writings about “animal spirits” that business expectations can shift quickly. As businesses become pessimistic, they cut back. The future is always uncertain, and the greater the uncertainty, the fewer investments and the fewer workers hired. We live now in a world of great uncertainty. We do not know our future tax liabilities; businesses do not know what their employee health care costs will be. Boards of directors are less free to make compensation decisions; government bureaucrats now increasingly do either directly or through political pressure. Businesses cannot calculate their bottom lines and until they can, their best strategy is to sit tight. Lenders with first claims to assets have been told to go to the back of the line in some cases; others have been told to renegotiate mortgages. The result: little investment and little lending. In a word, businesses fear that the rules of the game are being changed by an administration that is unfriendly to them. These points are not to be found in Economics 101 textbooks. They are evident and have been with us since Adam Smith and before. Our main economic message to countries with poor institutions is to settle on reliable rules of the game; we have not followed our own advice. In my view, this is the main reason for the “failed” recovery. Aqui

But X… law also limits just about everything else about pharmacies. They must be at least 820 feet apart and have a likely market of no fewer than 1,500 residents. To break into the business, an aspiring pharmacist generally has to buy a license from a retiring one. That often costs upward of $400,000. “It is an absurd system,” Mr. A…said recently. “But it has been that way my whole life…For selling a cancer drug for $4,200, Mr. Stournaras said, a pharmacist makes a profit of around $1,400. “That’s a movement of the elbow that is more expensive than one of Roger Federer’s.”  Aquí

En la UPV han puesto en marcha un proyecto de reutilización del aceite de cocina como biodiesel Aquí

"Taking practice tests – particularly ones that involve attempting to recall something from memory – can drastically increase the likelihood that you'll be able to remember that information again later," Aquí

Por qué los estudiantes en EE.UU dejan las Humanidades (es el coste-beneficio, ¡claro!)

By raising the cost of education to stratospheric levels, we oblige students to seek a higher return on their investment. It is this sort of economic calculation, I suggest, and not some alleged generational change, that is driving students in droves towards preprofessional degrees… Having gone to a public university in Europe, I am incessantly amazed by the advising, counseling, curricular opportunities, and overall support that students receive at Stanford University, where I teach. I remain profoundly jealous of their education, which I believe is second to none. At the same time, I am not blind to the source of this charmed life. It’s frightfully expensive to employ the staff needed to run the overseas programs, writing centers, freshman seminars, extracurricular activities, summer school, etc., that help make Stanford the university it is. I do not doubt administrators when they say that the average cost per student exceeds the already obscene tuition fees charged…. European universities are now in a different sort of financial crisis, and I doubt we have many administrative or curricular lessons to learn from them. But they do remind us that the cost of an education can act as a filter for intellectual choices. Students will be far less willing to take risks when they’re paying a fortune to enroll. It’s not the zeitgeist: it’s common sense. Aquí

Citas

          "complete competitors cannot coexist"

larger markets increase the incentives to produce new ideas and products with large research and development costs and reduced costs of manufacturing. And the incentives are extreme if the marginal cost of production and distribution as it happens with inmaterial property, are close to zero. Tabarrok

Use your electricity for more than light (anuncio de SEARS en 1917)

What businesses need,” the authors rather tartly conclude, “are customers.” (no crédito bancario)

I think that there is a sharp contrast for most people between life at university, where they meet lots of people, and the moment when they enter the workforce, when they basically no longer meet anyone. Life becomes dull. So as a result people get married to have a personal life (Houellebecq)

Citas de The Economist

"Cuando se ha asesinado a 23.000 personas en la guerra entre traficantes, tienes un problema para conseguir reclutar a más gente" J. López-Aranda sobre las guerras entre bandas.

Sobre cómo deberían invertir los inversores institucionales (Paul Woolley) "the funds should adopt a long term investment approach; cap annual portfolio turnover to 30 %; refuse to pay performance fees or invest in alternative assets such as hedge funds and private equity funds and invest only in securities traded on a public exchange (no structured products like the infamous collateralised debt obligations... The argument is simple. If the big funds in effect own the market in aggregate, the frenetic trading activity is fruitless even before costs... the effect is that the returns that millions of savers hope to earn end up being paid to the financial sector as rents" 

Violencia en Sudáfrica "En un reciente estudio entre hombres de 18 a 49 años, el 28 % reconoció haber cometido alguna violación. Cuatro de cada diez mujeres dijeron que su primera experiencia sexual fue una violación... Sudáfrica se gasta el 6,1 % de su PIB en educación, una porción mayor que la media, sin embargo, sus resultados son de los peores del mundo"

 

Citas

Esta, vía marginal revolution

...in 1981 Margaret Thatcher cut UK government spending in the middle of a recession, and against the advice of 391 economists that it would worsen the recession, and UK GDP started its recovery the same quarter. In 1991 Ruth Richardson in NZ cut government spending against the advice of 15 economists, and NZ GDP started its recovery the same quarter. There are a number of other cases of expansionary fiscal consolidations, and there's a causal theory to explain why this can happen - see http://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/417.html (shortly, it's that cutting government spending improves people's expectations about the future of the economy and taxes, so they start investing more right now). Of course, correlation does not prove causation, and perhaps there is something about the EU countries now that is so different as to the cases I cite as to make those results no longer likely to hold, but Krugman writes as if he has forgotten entirely about the 1980s and 1990s.

 Esta de Deux ex macciato

A rating can be right last year, and wrong today. This is especially true in structured finance, where deals are typically highly robust for a certain level of stress, but then fail catastrophically beyond it. While a corporate bond might degrade slowly; 100, 99, 98, 97, 96; a structured finance deal is more like 100, 100, 100, 100, 40. If the probability of getting the 40 is low enough, the deal can (and often both was and is) be rated AAA. All this shows is the foolishness of trying to encapsulate the whole CDR/CPR risk space in a single letter grade.