En un artículo de 1999 Michael A. Carrier (“The Real Rule of Reason: Bridging the Disconnect”, aquí está el enlace a la actualización) se repasa la jurisprudencia norteamericana en aplicación de la rule of reason – el equivalente americando al balance de efectos pro y anticompetitivos – para concluir que, en realidad, los jueces no realizan prácticamente nunca tal ponderación (ni siquiera cualitativa), sino que resuelven los casos a través de las reglas sobre la carga de la prueba y la argumentación.
“In the initial stage, the plaintiff must show a significant anticompetitive effect resulting from the restraint. The plaintiff can clear this threshold by demonstrating either an actual adverse effect, such as a reduction of output or an increase in price, or a potential adverse effect, which requires proof of market power… If the plaintiff can demonstrate an anticompetitive effect, the burden shifts to the defendant to demonstrate a legitimate precompetitive justification for the restraint. The defendant’s failure at this step will lead to the invalidation of the restraint… If the defendant meets this burden, the burden then returns to the plaintiff to show either that the restraint is not reasonably necessary to achieve the objectives of the restraint or that the objectives could be achieved by alternatives <
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