“EU law seeks to control the conduct of firms that are dominant, while US law is directed at monopolies: the creation and maintenance of monopoly power”
“Reading and thinking. The beauty of doing it, is that if you’re good at it, you don’t have to do much else" Charlie Munger. "La cantidad de energía necesaria para refutar una gilipollez es un orden de magnitud mayor que para producirla" Paul Kedrosky «Nulla dies sine linea» Antonio Guarino. "Reading won't be obsolete till writing is, and writing won't be obsolete till thinking is" Paul Graham.
sábado, 16 de octubre de 2010
La concepción UE y EE.UU del Derecho de la competencia
jueves, 14 de octubre de 2010
Ayudas de estado y la Princesa de Sayn-Wittgenstein
la Comisión no puede declarar compatible con el mercado común una ayuda de Estado que, debido a alguna de sus modalidades, vulnera los principios generales del Derecho de la Unión, como los principios de seguridad jurídica, de protección de la confianza legítima y de igualdad de trato (véase la sentencia Nuova Agricast, antes citada, apartado 51).
La apelante en el litigio principal (en lo sucesivo, «la apelante») es una ciudadana austriaca, nacida con el nombre Ilonka Kerekes en Viena en 1944. En octubre de 1991, su apellido fue inscrito como «Havel, nacida Kerekes» cuando se autorizó, mediante resolución del Kreisgericht (Tribunal de distrito) Worbis (Alemania), en funciones de tribunal tutelar, su adopción, mediante acta notarial, por un ciudadano alemán, Lothar Fürst von Sayn-Wittgenstein, de conformidad con el Derecho alemán. Cuando quiso que las autoridades de Viena inscribieran su nueva identidad, éstas escribieron al Kreisgericht Worbis en enero de 1992 pidiéndole detalles. Ese tribunal dictó entonces una resolución complementaria en la que especificaba que a raíz de la adopción su apellido de nacimiento pasó a ser «Fürstin von Sayn-Wittgenstein», (o sea, Ilonka Princesa de Sayn-Wittgenstein) versión femenina del apellido de su padre adoptivo. Las autoridades vienesas expidieron entonces a la apelante un certificado de nacimiento el 27 de febrero de 1992 a nombre de Ilonka Fürstin von Sayn-Wittgenstein. No se discute que la adopción no afectó a su nacionalidad.
El Tribunal de Justicia confirma la multa a Deutsche Telekom por compresión de márgenes (margin squeeze)
Moreover, Telefónica was at all times free to end this margin squeeze by lowering its wholesale prices, given that its national wholesale prices were not regulated and its regional wholesale prices were only subject to maximum prices – it was free to set prices below the maximum. However, it never took this initiative until it was obliged to by the Spanish regulator in December 2006”.
“Recognizing a price-squeeze claim where the defendant’s retail price remains above cost would invite the precise harm we sought to avoid in Brooke Group: Firms might raise their retail prices or refrain from aggressive price competition to avoid potential antitrust liability” and finding it “most troubling [that] firms that seek to avoid price squeeze liability will have no safe harbor for their pricing practices.”)
miércoles, 13 de octubre de 2010
Sin palabras: el interés general en que los adolescentes oigan música
The European Commission has approved, under EU state aid rules, a French scheme that subsidises legal downloads of music by French residents aged 12 to 25 years. The measure is aimed at combating illegal downloads and, thus, at creating the condition for an increased offer of music and lower prices for consumers. The Commission found the measure to be in line with EU rules allowing the fostering of general interest goals. In particular, the measure is well designed to achieve its objective, is limited in time and scope and contains safeguards to limit potential distortions of competition.
Joaquin Almunia, Commission vice-president in charge of competition policy declared: "We welcome initiatives from Member States to increase the availability of music online at a lower price for consumers and through legal distribution channels. Music online is certainly a driver for the success of the Internet and for economic development. However, we shall ensure that such initiatives are implemented in compliance with the EU state aid rules."
In March 2010, France notified the proposed creation of a Carte musique for young Internet users (between 12 and 25 years old) to download music from subscription-based website platforms. The card would include a €50 credit for the purchase of music online but would cost the consumer €25, with the remainder borne by the French State. The notified scheme is expected to last two years and each consumer would be able to buy one card a year. The French government expects one million cards will be sold each year.
Under EU rules aid can be allowed if it furthers a general interest goal without unduly distorting competition.
The measure responds to concerns that the increasing volume of online music distributed in breach of copyright rules might drive legal music distribution platforms out of the market. It aims at developing the habit for consumers; when they are still young, to use legal music distribution channels over the Internet.
The measure requires website operators to contribute to the scheme through a reduction in the price of the music, an extension of the duration of the subscription and/or a contribution to the cost of advertising the card. It caps the benefit each operator may draw from the scheme at €5 million, with the purpose of ensuring that independent and niche operators are also able to benefit from the scheme. As a result, the scheme will contribute to preserving pluralism and cultural diversity in the online music industry.
The Commission therefore concluded that the benefits of the measure would outweigh any potential distortions of competition that might be brought about by the aid
Más detalles de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital
¡Más madera!
lunes, 11 de octubre de 2010
¡Hay que ver qué cosas hacen los Estados en EE.UU!
The Twenty-first Amendment repealed prohibition, but granted the states broad power to regulate the distribution and sale of alcohol to consumers within their borders. Pursuant to this authority, states have established a complex web of regulations that limit the ability of beer, wine, and liquor producers to control the distribution of their product. From a consumer welfare perspective, one of the most potentially harmful state alcohol distribution regulations are “post and hold” laws (“PH laws”). PH laws require that alcohol distributors share future prices with rivals by “posting” them in advance, and then “hold” these prices for a specified period of time. Economic theory would suggest that PH laws reduce unilateral incentives for distributors to reduce prices and may facilitate tacit or explicit collusion, both to the detriment of consumers. Consistent with economic theory, we show that the PH laws reduce consumption by 2-8 percent. We also test whether PH laws provide offsetting benefits in the form of reducing a range of social harms associated with alcohol consumption. We find no evidence of such offsetting benefits. (PH laws have no measurable effect on drunk driving accidents and various measures of teen drinking)
Me encanta esta carta al director
“Ayer nos felicitábamos de la extensión de las ayudas al carbón hasta 2014. Desde la recuperación de la democracia, ¿cuánto dinero se ha destinado a las cuencas mineras? Y sin embargo nadie duda de que en 2014 las minas seguirán sin ser económicamente rentables y cerrarán... y los pueblos de las cuencas desaparecerán porque 30 años después siguen dependiendo de ellas. Lo mismo se puede decir de los pueblos de áreas nucleares donde no existen actividades económicas alternativas a pesar de los millones destinados en compensaciones.
La Ley de Dependencia prometió dinamizar la economía creando empleos. Pero su aplicación se limita a compensar económicamente a las familias que siguen colgadas de sus dependientes. Millones de euros se destinaron a compensar a los hipotecados. Y la mayor parte de los jóvenes siguen sin poder acceder a la vivienda. Millones más no se recaudan en un sistema impositivo injusto que busca que los ricos, a través de sus Sicav, no fuguen sus capitales”.
SAP Palencia 13-XI-2001: la adquisición de un crédito contra sí mismo a través de persona interpuesta para defraudar a los acreedores.
PRIMERO .- Para la correcta resolución de este recurso y de este pleito, deben tenerse en cuenta una serie de hechos y de circunstancias que seguidamente pasamos a exponer: 1.- El día 8 de agosto de 1.991 la Sociedad Agraria de Transformación La Perihonda 1.492, representada por Don José María F. R., suscribió con Caja España de Inversiones S.A. una póliza de crédito mercantil en cuenta corriente con garantía personal por importe de cuarenta millones de pesetas. 2.- El día 9 de febrero de 1.993 Caja España de Inversiones S.A. certificó el saldo deudor de la citada póliza, que ascendía a la cantidad de 43.297.497 pesetas, certificación que fue intervenida por Corredor Colegiado de Comercio. 3.- El día 26 de febrero de 1.993 Caja España de Inversiones presentó demanda ejecutiva en reclamación del citado importe contra la S.A.T. LA PERIHONDA 1492, y contra los fiadores, dando lugar al Juicio Ejecutivo n° 138/93 del Juzgado de Camón de los Condes, que acabó por Sentencia estimatoria de la demanda de fecha 28 de marzo de 1.994. 4.- El día 6 de septiembre de 1.996 Caja España de Inversiones otorgó escritura pública de cesión de crédito a favor de Don Raúl F. N., Don Oscar F. N. y Doña Marta Salomé F. N., hijos de Don José María F. R.; en dicha escritura se hace constar que se trata del crédito que Caja España de Inversiones tenía contra la S.A.T. LA PERIHONDA, ascendiendo el saldo deudor en ese día a la cantidad de 51.580.735 pesetas, crédito al que se refiere el Juicio Ejecutivo n° 138/93 del Juzgado de Carrión de los Condes, crédito litigioso que es adquirido en virtud de cesión por los hermanos F. N., no sólo en cuanto a la prestación principal, sino también todas las prestaciones accesorias derivadas del mismo, como intereses, costas, gastos, garantías, preferencias y privilegios, siendo el importe de la cesión de diez millones de pesetas. 5.- Doña Salomé, Don Oscar y Don Raúl F. N. tenían al tiempo de otorgarse la citada escritura de cesión del crédito 27, 26 y 24 años, respectivamente, y convivían con su padre Don José María F. R. en el mismo domicilio, sito en Villamoronta, calle las Escabas, s/n, (Palencia). 6.- Doña Salomé, Don Oscar y Don Raúl F. N. han reconocido en sus respectivas confesiones judiciales que no han reclamado, ni piensan reclamar nada a sus padres, porque consideran que no tienen por qué reclamarles nada. 7.- Pavimentos y Revestimientos Santa Olaja S.L. presentó demanda contra Don José María F. R. En reclamación de cantidad, dando lugar a los autos de Menor Cuantía n° 240/94 del Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Carrión de los Condes, en los que recayó Sentencia estimatoria de la demanda el día 10 de abril de 1.995. 8.- Al ir a ejecutar los bienes propiedad de Don José María F. R. en este procedimiento, es cuando Don Raúl, Don Oscar y Doña Marta Salomé F. N. han presentado esta tercería de mejor derecho, para que se declare su preferencia a cobrar su crédito contra el deudor común (su padre Don José María F. R.), de lo que se obtenga en el procedimiento de menor cuantía n° 240/94, del que esta tercería es incidencia, antes que Pavimentos y Revestimientos Santa Olaja, S.L.SEGUNDO Nadie ha puesto en duda que el crédito de los terceristas sea preferente al de la demandada Pavimentos y Revestimientos Santa Olaja, S.L., por lo que nada tenemos que decir en tal sentido. Pero a pesar de ello la demanda va a ser desestimada. Dice el artículo 6.4 del Código CivilLEG 1889\27 que los actos realizados al amparo del texto de una norma que persigan un resultado prohibido por el ordenamiento jurídico, o contrario a él, se considerarán ejecutados en fraude de ley y no impedirán la debida aplicación de la norma que se hubiere tratado de eludir. … En nuestro caso hemos de partir de una norma general de carácter imperativo, contemplada en el artículo 1.911 del Código Civil, relativa a que del cumplimiento de las obligaciones responde el deudor con todos sus bienes, presente y futuros. Esta norma ha conseguido ser burlada por Don José María F. R. (padre de los actores y demandado, en situación procesal de rebeldía en este procedimiento), que aprovechando que debía a Caja España de Inversiones S.A. una muy importante cantidad de dinero como consecuencia del impago de un crédito en cuenta corriente, y aprovechando que esta entidad crediticia llegó a la conclusión de que no iba ser fácil que pudiera recuperar el crédito concedido, en vez de pagar y extinguir el crédito por el importe con el que se conformaba Caja España de Inversiones S.A. para deshacerse del crédito (diez millones de pesetas), lo que hace es utilizar la figura de sus hijos (los actuales actores en este procedimiento), y sin que conste que éstos tengan recursos económicos propios independientes de los de su padre, adquieren los hijos el crédito que Caja España de Inversiones S.A. tenía contra su padre (y contra otros familiares suyos, que eran avalistas del crédito), y así pretenden conseguir "blindar" el patrimonio de su padre y del resto de sus familiares, dado que cuando su padre o cualquiera de los otros deudores del crédito sean demandados en reclamación de algún tipo de cantidad, tienen la posibilidad (que aquí han ejercitado) de interponer una tercería de mejor derecho, impidiendo la ejecución sobre los bienes. Con esta maniobra, como se ha dicho, en vez de extinguir el crédito por el importe con el que se conformaba Caja España de Inversiones S.A., lo que han hecho ha sido dejar subsistente el crédito, y que los hijos aparezcan como los acreedores de su padre y del resto de familiares que fueron fiadores del crédito, y aunque no tengan intención de reclamar nada a su padre ni al resto de sus familiares (como expresamente han reconocido), al tratarse el suyo de un crédito muy antiguo, ningún otro acreedor posterior podrá cobrar nada frente a su padre Don José María F. R., que de esta manera pretende burlar el principio de la responsabilidad universal que para todo deudor predica el ya citado artículo 1.911 del Código Civil. Y puesto que esto es un manifiesto fraude de ley, alegado por la demandada Pavimentos y Revestimientos Santa Olaja S.L. (entre otros diversos argumentos, que no eran aplicables al caso), el recurso de apelación debe ser estimado, y debe ser revocada la resolución recurrida, absolviendo a los demandados de las pretensiones contenidas en la demanda.
La jurisprudencia de la avaricia
“The Tyranny of Collateral… The romantics among us cannot, or do not want to, recognize the logic of this economic transaction (el préstamo con garantía real). They castigate Shylock when he comes for his pound of flesh but do not see that this is the collateral that enabled the merchant of Venice to borrow. Furthermore, a dispassionate economic transaction is marred by the vile nature of (who else?) the financier and his hatred for the borrower. The logic, however, is impeccable. The borrower in need is prepared to sacrifice something valuable in order to obtain finance. In fact, were it not for the gruesome nature of the collateral and the prior strained relationship between the contracting parties, the collateral would be perfect. The lender has better use for money than for the pound of the borrower’s flesh and would not collect unless the borrower defaulted. The borrower values his flesh immensely and would not default lightly. It is important that Shylock hate the merchant, else he would not want to collect on the pound of flesh, and the threat to collect it would not be credible”. RAJAN/ZINGALES, Saving Capitalism, pp 30-31 y nota 5 p 316.
Matt Ridley: ¡es la energía barata!
I would argue forcefully that the record shows quite clearly that the thing that always causes innovation is trade, because it encourages specialization. When networks of exchanging human beings grow dense enough, technology advances… I am saying that there have always been liberals, who want to be free to trade in ideas as well as things, and there have always been predators, who want to extract rents by force if necessary. The grand theme of history is how the crushing dominance of the latter has repeatedly stifled the former. As Joel Mokyr puts it: “Prosperity and success led to the emergence of predators and parasites in various forms and guises who eventually slaughtered the geese that laid the golden eggs.” The wonder of the last 200 years is not the outbreak of liberalism, but the fact that it has so far fought off the rent-seeking predators by the skin of its teeth: the continuing triumph of the Bourgeoisie.the more I study the Industrial Revolution’s failure to peter out, the more convinced I become that energy is crucial. Hear me out. Or rather, hear out Robert Allen, professor of economic history at Oxford, whose new book The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective, is a tour de force… The point is that fossil fuels were the only power source that did not show diminishing returns. In sharp contrast to wood, water and wind, the more you mined them the cheaper they became. Energy amplifies human work, and Britain found itself able to amplify the productivity of its labor long after its population and its technology would have exhausted all other sources of power. Fossil fuels therefore kept the innovation machine running so that profits from commerce just kept ahead of profits from piracyBritain’s success in the 1700s was caused by London, and London’s success was caused by trade. Like Tyre, Athens, Venice and Amsterdam, London did exchange and specialization with the world, got rich and — thanks to the Reformation and the Glorious Revolution — kept the pirates (chiefs, priests, and thieves) at bay. That drove up its wages, which spurred on labor-saving innovation in machinery. “The coal trade took off,” says Allen, “when London got big enough to drive the price of wood fuel high enough to make it profitable to mine coal in Northumberland and ship it to London.” That mining then created abundant cheap energy in northern districts, which rewarded inventors of steam engines…Not only did this coal get cheaper and cheaper the more that was mined, but machines grew more and more effective at turning its heat into work. “The cheap energy economy,” says Allen, “was the foundation of Britain’s economic success.” As Gregory Clark has reminded us, it was only in the nineteenth century, when fossil fuels amplified human labor, that wages really began to rise. The rest of the world then borrowed this innovation — fossil energy — and its ability to produce increasing returns through new technology. Today the average citizen of planet earth uses fossil energy equivalent to having 150 slaves working continuous eight-hour shifts on his or her behalf. That is why we are all so rich and that is why per capita economic growth turned upwards so sharply after 1800
El futuro visto por un abogado alemán convertido en inversor estadounidense en tecnología WSJ
"All sorts of things are possible in a world where you have massive progress in technology and related gains in productivity," he says. "In a world where wealth is growing, you can get away with printing money. Doubling the debt over the next 20 years is not a problem."
"This is where [today is] very different from the 1930s. In the '30s, the Keynesian stuff worked at least in the sense that you could print money without inflation because there was all this productivity growth happening. That's not going to work today.
"The people who bought subprime houses in Miami were betting on technological progress. They were betting on energy prices coming down and living standards going up." They were betting, in short, on the productivity gains to make our debts affordable.
"People don't want to believe that technology is broken. . . . Pharmaceuticals, robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology—all these areas where the progress has been a lot more limited than people think. And the question is why."
In true macro sense, he sees that failure as central to our current fiscal fix. Credit is about the future, he says, and a credit crisis is when the future turns out not as expected. Our policy leaders, though, have yet to see this bigger picture. "Bernanke, Geithner, Summers—you may not agree with the them ideologically, but they're quite good as macroeconomists go," Mr. Thiel says. "But the big variable that they're betting on is that there's all this technological progress happening in the background. And if that's wrong, it's just not going to work. You will not get this incredible, self-sustaining recovery.
And President Obama? "I'm not sure I'd describe him as a socialist. I might even say he has a naive and touching faith in capitalism. He believes you can impose all sorts of burdens on the system and it will still work."
The system is telling him otherwise. Mankind, says Mr. Thiel, has no inalienable right to the progress that has characterized the last 200 years. Today's heightened political acrimony is but a foretaste of the "grim Malthusian" politics ahead, with politicians increasingly trying to redistribute the fruits of a stagnant economy, loosing even more forces of stagnation.
Question: How can anyone know science and technology are under-performing compared to potential? It's hard, he admits. Those who know—"university professors, the entrepreneurs, the venture capitalists"—are "biased" in favor of the idea that rapid progress is happening, he says, because they're raising money. "The other 98%"—he means you and me, who in this age of specialization treat science and technology as akin to magic—"don't know anything."
But look, he says, at the future we once portrayed for ourselves in "The Jetsons." We don't have flying cars. Space exploration is stalled. There are no undersea cities. Household robots do not cater to our needs. Nuclear power "we should be building like crazy," he says, but we're sitting on our hands.
… The great exception is information technology, whose rapid advance is no fluke: "So far computers and the Internet have been the one sector immune from excessive regulation."…
With faster innovation, it would be easier to dig out of our hole. With enough robots, even Social Security and Medicare become affordable.
Peter Thiel"In China and India," he says, "there's no need for any innovation. Their business model for the next 20 years is copy the West." The West, he says, needs to do "new things."
El problema, a corto plazo y a largo plazo
The bottom line here is that Spain’s real commitment to meet its targets is still on trial. Pressure from financial markets may well mean that the fiscal effort made in the second half of the year will be much greater than that in the first, but all in all, achieving the 6% target for 2011 looks to be an extraordinarily difficult task, given everything we have seen so far. As one investor put it recently “We are still skeptical as to whether they will really take all the austerity measures or only go as far as the market forces them, and when pressure abates they’ll let the deficit slip again. It seems they want to do as little as needed to relax the markets.”
And, of course, if all this wasn’t enough, even if the fiscal effort is made as the government is promising, this still doesn’t solve the deep-seated underlying problem. Just what is the plan to put sufficient dynamism back into the Spanish economy in order to produce those lovely growth numbers that we would all so much like to see?
domingo, 10 de octubre de 2010
Una acción – un voto y pirámides
“For a number of decades (british) company law… provided a capped voting default rule. UK company legislation has traditionally had a statutory set of articles of association known as Table A that govern if a company lacks its own set of articles. From 1862 to 1906, Table A contanied a clause imposing restrictions on voting rights when a shareholder owned 10 or more shares and again when a shareholder owned 100 or more shares”. Nevertheless this arrangement was not the norm in publicly traded UK companies”.
La otra forma de alterar la proporcionalidad entre participación en el capital y derecho de voto es la de crear un grupo de sociedades en forma de pirámide
During the 1920s and 1930s in the United States, most of the public utility industry was organized in pyramid form. A small number of top holding companies, through one or more layers of intermediate holding companies, controlled a large portion of the nation’s operating electric and gas utilities. In 1935, Congress enacted the Public Utility Holding Company Act (“HCA”), which limited holding companies to owning a single, geographically contiguous operating system and prohibited more than a single holding company tier atop any operating company.
The value of both controlling and controlled companies fall (rise) by statistically and economically significant amounts around the time of several key votes indicating a higher (lower) likelihood that pyramid structures would be banned.
The controlling companies, on average, lose more value than do controlled companies from the enactment of the HCA (lo que indica que había razones de eficiencia pero también de transferencia de recursos detrás de esta forma organizativa). There is also evidence that companies whose controlling shareholders have high cash flow rights lose less than those in which controlling shareholders have low cash flow rights, which is consistent with value diversion by the controlling shareholder
Some holding company systems were highly leveraged and, in the economic conditions of 1935, their operating subsidiaries may have been worth less than the holding company’s outstanding debts. So long as the system could generate sufficient cash flow to service those debts,however, the holding company had a real option to continue until economic conditions improved. (Pero si entraba en vigor la Ley y la pirámide debía ser desmontada, la holding se veía obligada a liquidarse) A forced liquidation extinguishes that option because, by hypothesis, the holding company’s creditors receive all of the operating company stock or the proceeds of its sale. A holding company system with little or no debt, by contrast, holds an “in the money” option that it could profitably “exercise” by paying its debts and distributing the bulk of the stock of its subsidiaries to its own equity holders.
Masulis, Ronald W., Pham, Peter Kien and Zein, Jason, Family Business Groups around the World: Financing Advantages, Control Motivations and Organizational Choices La idea de que las pirámides son una forma eficiente de financiación es la conclusión de este estudioWe find that only a fraction of the cash made available to dominant owners is actually paid out to them, with a substantial part retained within the pyramidal structure. Crucially, the fraction retained in each holding company in the pyramidal structure increases in the importance of debt service in that holding company
Across various lines of analysis, our evidence consistently indicates that the continuing prevalence of family groups and their choice of organizational structures reflect not only control motivations, but also their ability to support high-risk, capital intensive firms that could otherwise find it difficult to attract external funding, especially in weak capital markets… rather than being the reason for the creation of pyramids, the separation of cash-flow and control rights emerges as a consequence of the family’s optimal funding choice… group structures facilitate reputation building. Khanna and Palepu (2000) observe that a group’s track record in establishing, managing, and/or monitoring multiple firms, substitutes for underdeveloped investor protection regulations. In a multi-period model, Gomes (2000) argues that a family can build a reputation for treating minorities well by retaining large shareholdings and voluntarily bearing the cost of underdiversification. This is a credible commitment because the family will repeatedly need to raise capital, and any expropriation will be penalized by discounts of its future stock offerings… non-expropriating controlling family derives payoff mainly from future sales of shares. Hence the ability to subsequently divest shares without losing control actually improves the credibility of the family’s initial ownership retention signal. Las pirámides are especially advantageous in markets with restricted capital availability and for firm types with extensive funding needs… the pyramidal structure serves an important function of leveraging a group’s available internal funds to support its more capital-intensive member firms
However, Almeida and Wolfenzon (2006b) argue that such internal capital advantages, while beneficial for member firms, do not always translate into economy-wide allocative efficiency because in certain instances, a group may choose to internally fund enterprises that are inefficient relative to the investment opportunities offered by other independent firms competing for funds. Thus, an important implication of our analysis is that improvements in capital availability can weaken the financing advantages of family groups. For emerging markets in particular, openness to foreign investment and the development of a venture capital industry can provide new avenues of competition to established business groups by offering alternative funding sources for capitalintensive and high-growth ventures, thereby seriously eroding the value of their support to member firms and weakening their overall economic dominance
viernes, 8 de octubre de 2010
Más multas a los que venden barato
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- ¿Son inscribibles los 'no acuerdos'?
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- Un caso para la lección sobre derecho de asociación
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- Papeles de Economía Española, más woke que nunca
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- Cuando el Parlamento reduce los costes de transacc...
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