“Reading and thinking. The beauty of doing it, is that if you’re good at it, you don’t have to do much else" Charlie Munger. "La cantidad de energía necesaria para refutar una gilipollez es un orden de magnitud mayor que para producirla" Paul Kedrosky «Nulla dies sine linea» Antonio Guarino. "Reading won't be obsolete till writing is, and writing won't be obsolete till thinking is" Paul Graham.
lunes, 11 de abril de 2011
¿España la próxima rescatada?
“What the parties may do, the arbitrator as their mutual agent may do”
Easterbrook rests his opinion on agency theory. Arbitrators are agents of the parties, hired to resolve a dispute, and hence ought to be able to exercise powers delegated to them by their principals. So long as the principals have the ability to exercise a certain power, they can delegate the power by contract to an agent. As Easterbrook points out, if Watts and Tiffany had agreed to settle their differences without Tiffany paying Watts’ legal fees, the law could scarcely intervene. When the arbitrator‐agent issues a decision to the same effect, why should the law revisit that decision? As Easterbrook succinctly put it, “What the parties may do, the arbitrator as their mutual agent may do.
domingo, 10 de abril de 2011
Citas
La idea de una conexión conceptual entre la propiedad y la libertad está presente como un tópico de uso habitual en el pensamiento jurídico centroeuropeo. La protección constitucional de la propiedad está —se dice, incluso «estrechamente»— vinculada con la defensa de una vertiente patrimonial del libre desarrollo de la personalidad, con la posibilidad de contar con un presupuesto patrimonial indispensable para configurar la vida personal libremente y de desplegar la libertad en los ámbitos de la actividad económica (trabajo y libertad de empresa). Resulta llamativo que esa conexión esté por completo ausente de más de 25 años de jurisprudencia constitucional española. En el orden de las ideas, quizás fuera esa falta de una conexión sólida entre la libertad y la propiedad en nuestra conciencia jurídica lo que terminó convirtiéndose en regla constitucional que excluía este derecho del recurso de amparo.
… democracy is the only institution capable of self reforming; autocracies are not and it is why, when they meet an obstacle, they usually break down… the theory that capitalism has survived as a dominant form of economic organisation only thanks to democracy rather than in spite of it, intuitively appears to be far more compelling If the outcome of the regime is a systematically unfair devolution of income, wealth and positions, à la longue, people will revoltIn the name of what supposed efficiency are people being obliged to give up their political rights or to show a lesser degree of solidarity than they wish to display?The relationships between democracy and the market are thus more complementary than a conflicting. By preventing market-based exclusion, democracy increases the legitimacy of the economic system, and the market makes for a greater level of backing for democracy, by limiting political control over people’s lives. Accordingly, each of the principles governing the political and economic realms is limited and is also legitimised by the other.
El green paper de la Comisión sobre gobierno corporativo ¡por Dios que no hagan nada!
there is evidence that the majority of shareholders are passive and are often only focused on short-term profits.
It therefore seems useful to consider whether more shareholders can be encouraged to take an interest in sustainable returns and longer-term performance, and how to encourage them to be more active on corporate governance issues.
So the question is whether any EU action is needed on corporate governance in unlisted companies.
Therefore, the Commission believes that it is primarily long-term investors who have an interest in engagement
sábado, 9 de abril de 2011
El problema del “ruido” en la información pública de las empresas
We have used the term ‘clutter’ as comprising two problem areas:• immaterial disclosures that inhibit the ability to identify and understand relevant information; and • explanatory information that remains unchanged from year to year.
Immaterial disclosures are remarkably common, for example detailed notes supporting line items that are small – often the case for share-based payments. However, reports also contain explanatory narrative information that is either wholly or largely unchanged from year to year. It is the changes that can often be illuminating but, without comparing the precise text, it is often diffi cult to identify them.
Only ı8 of the 52 provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code (the Code) require disclosure to demonstrate compliance.For the other 34 provisions, companies are only required to report when they do not comply, and explain why. Despite the ‘comply or explain’ philosophy at the heart of the Code, practice seems to be to explain everything.Many companies tell us that they are responding to others’ demands. They feel under pressure to report against each provision of the Code because of proxy voting services and other analysts who compile checklist based score sheets to assess governance compliance. Our research has shown that often these additional disclosures take the form of simply repeating the wording of the relevant Code provisions each year. One effect is that they can detract attention from those parts of the governance section that are of most importance to investors, as well as adding to its length. In particular, it makes it much harder for readers to identify the more relevant company-specifi c information about governance issues and practice.
El socio, administrador y prestamista: deber de lealtad hacia la sociedad
It was after the dot-com bubble burst, and only a few months before Cadant was sold to the Arris Group for $55 million, that a similar company, River Delta, was sold for $300 million. Cadant couldn’t hold out for a comparable deal because of the terms of the bridge loans. If the plaintiff’s evidence is credited, Copeland, in cahoots with an employee of J.P. Morgan named Charles Walker (a defendant), used information gleaned from meetings of Cadant’s board to reveal to J.P. Morgan and through it to Venrock that Cadant would accept a smaller bridge loan, and for a shorter term, than Venrock and J.P. Morgan would have expected the board to insist on. Walker himself joined Cadant’s board soon after the first bridge loan was made, as did another J.P. Morgan employee (Stephan Oppenheimer), who is also a defendant. There is evidence that Copeland, Walker, and Oppenheimer conspired to ensure that Cadant would accept the second bridge loan, which added to the disadvantages to Cadant of the first loan by creating a generous liquidation preference; as mentioned earlier, in the event of a sale or liquidation of Cadant, Venrock and J.P. Morgan would be entitled to be paid twice the amount of their investment in the company, to the prejudice of the common shareholders… Uncontaminated by disloyal directors, so far as appears, River Delta, in adverse economic conditions similar to those alleged to have beset Cadant, nevertheless was sold for more than five times what Cadant was sold for a few months later… The accusation is that the directors were disloyal. They persuaded the district judge that disclosure of a conflict of interest excuses a breach of fiduciary duty. It does not. It just excuses the conflict. To have a conflict and to be motivated by it to breach a duty of loyalty are two different things—the first a factor increasing the likelihood of a wrong, the second the wrong itself…. A director may tell his fellow directors that he has a conflict of interest but that he will not allow it to influence his actions as director; he will not tell them he plans to screw them. If having been informed of the conflict the disinterested directors decide to continue to trust and rely on the interested ones, it is because they think that despite the conflict of interest those directors will continue to serve the corporation loyally. Benihana of Tokyo, Inc. v. Benihana, Inc., 906 A.2d 114 (Del. 2006), a derivative suit much like this one, provides an illuminating contrast to this case. A director was interested but his interest was known to the board. Having settled that point, the court went on to consider whether he had breached his fiduciary duty to the corporation, and concluded that he had not. He “did not set the terms of the [challenged] deal; he did not deceive the board; and he did not dominate or control the other directors’ approval of the Transaction. In short, the record does not support the claim that [he] breached his duty of loyalty.”
viernes, 8 de abril de 2011
Good faith and fiduciary duty
I distinguish good faith and fiduciary duties by showing that good faith provides a framework for tailored gap-filling by enabling courts to provide the term most suitable to the agreement in question, while fiduciary duties are untailored defaults that provide the regime that most parties in a fiduciary category would have wanted. This claim has not yet been advanced in the literature on good faith and fiduciary duties… While a tailored provision aims to supply precisely the terms the parties would have contracted for, an untailored provision supplies the parties with a “single, off-the-rack standard that in some sense represents what the majority of contracting parties would want.”13 Here I argue that good faith and fiduciary duties are tailored and untailored standards, respectively.1
“When transactions costs reach a particularly high level, some persons start calling some contractual relations ‘fiduciary… In this context, incomplete contract situations characterized by unusually high costs of specification and monitoring may give rise to fiduciary duties. On the contrary, good faith is the canon of interpretation for ordinary contracts…
it does not specify what distinguishes good faith and fiduciary duties as gap-filling methods
“when one party hires the other’s knowledge and expertise, there is not much they can write down.”
“Good faith is thus no more than a residual method of gap-filling, one that fill gaps based on hints provided by the contract’s express terms
jueves, 7 de abril de 2011
El bachillerato de excelencia o el mundo al revés
Dados los anteriores problemas con las bases de datos, un reciente estudio de Duflo, Dupas y Kremer resulta muy útil. Estos autores comparan 61 colegios keniatas donde los estudiantes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un aula de primer curso con otros 60 colegios donde los alumnos fueron agrupados en función de su rendimiento inicial. La calificación de los estudiantes de colegios con alumnado agrupado fue 0,14 desviaciones típicas superior (tras 18 meses) a la de los niños en colegios sin alumnado agrupado, y el efecto se mantuvo tras la finalización del programa. Lo más interesante es destacar que los alumnos de todos los niveles de capacidad se beneficiaron del agrupamiento por capacidades. Dado que el mismo estudio (como muchos otros) también revela que el efecto directo de tener compañeros más capaces es positivo, parece claro el agrupamiento tiene dos efectos. Por un lado la separación priva a los alumnos menos avanzados del contacto beneficioso con los mejores. Pero por otro lado permite a los profesores modular mejor el ritmo de la clase de cuando ésta es más homogénea. En algunos, casos, como el de estas escuelas de Kenya, el efecto de la mejor adaptación es mayor que el de tener compañeros de clase brillantes.
miércoles, 6 de abril de 2011
Big Picture: el poder de las flores y las minas
A lone flower is propped up by a boot at a shoe installation marking International Day for Landmine Awareness at Simon Bolivar Square in Bogota, Colombia April 4. On each of the more than 9,000 shoes is the name of a land mine victim representing those injured in Colombia. Colombia is second to Afghanistan as the nation with the largest number of victims. (Fernando Vergara/Associated Press) #
¿Hay cárteles beneficiosos para la sociedad?
Nos gusta esta canción y no nos gusta la campaña de publicidad que la ha utilizado
Tres años de clemencia en España: las exenciones de las multas a los miembros de cárteles que los denuncian
por Patricia Liñán
Desde el 28 de febrero de 2008, cualquier miembro de un cártel que opere en España puede acudir a la Comisión Nacional de la Competencia (también a los órganos autonómicos) a pedir “clemencia”, esto es, que no se le imponga una multa por su participación. A cambio, tiene que denunciar el cártel, aportar alguna prueba al respecto y cooperar durante el procedimiento.
Anumerismo
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