"As a brick and mortar retailer, we add value and generate higher sales of your product. Our stores increase your brand awareness, provide a venue for people who want to touch and feel the product before they buy it (whether they buy it from us or online), and our sales staff help educate your buyers. We bear costs for these services, so it's impossible for us to match online prices of your product. To be fair to us, we require a wholesale price that is 10% less than what you are offering web retailers."
Lo que se confirma por otro curioso estudio de Georg Gebhardt (por el “experimento” utilizado para probar las conclusiones).“acordar que el distribuidor pagará un precio más alto por los pro-ductos destinados a ser revendidos en línea por el distribuidor que por los destinados a revenderse fuera de línea. Esto no excluye que el proveedor ofrezca al comprador un canon fijo (no un canon variable, en que el importe aumente en función del volumen de negocio realizado fuera de línea, pues ello llevaría indirectamente a una fijación de precios dual) para apoyar sus esfuerzos de venta en línea o fuera de línea”
online competition reduces offline margins. Online retailers can force down offline prices if online prices are lower. Thus my results indicate that price competition on the internet is fierce and that counter strategies employed by online retailers, such as obfuscation and product differentiation, cannot prevent the erosion of margins
Since suppliers can appoint the exclusive distributor of their choice or implement a selective distribution system which allows them to freely choose their distributors on the basis of specified criteria and to prohibit any of their sales to unauthorised distributors, the block exemption covers a requirement by the supplier that its distributors should have one or more bricks-and-mortar shops or showrooms as a condition for becoming a member of its distribution system. In other words, under the regulation the supplier may choose not to sell its product to internet-only distributors. To ensure an efficient operation of the brick and mortar shops, a supplier can also require from a distributor that it sells at least a certain absolute amount (in value or volume) of the products offline. A supplier can also pay a fixed fee to its distributor to support the latter’s offline sales efforts…
Similarly, in some specific circumstances,an agreed "dual pricing" policy may fulfil the conditions of Article 101(3), that is when online selling by distributors leads to substantially higher costs for the supplier than their offline sales and when a "dual pricing" policy allows the supplier to recover those additional costs. For example, where offline sales include home installation of a technical product by the distributor but online sales do not, the latter may result in more customer complaints and warranty claims for the manufacturer.